二氧化氯消毒在废水处理中的应用分析

确定了医院废水采用二氧化氯进行消毒。具有消毒效果好、符合污染物国家一级排放标准（GB8978—1996）、运行费用低等特点。本实践给同类污水消毒，提供了借鉴作用。     

Inactivation of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by electrochloration under bipolar pulsed polarization

This work is devoted to the biocides effects by electrochlorination under a pulsated bipolar polarization (PBP) of low potentials (− 1 V/cm to + 1.6 V/cm). Two working electrodes were used, one in platinum and the other in AISI 430 stainless steel, in two different electrolytes: sterilized distilled water and 0,9N sterilized NaCl solution, contaminated by E. Coli or by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. The inactivation of these bacteria was established under the action of three biocide treatments: E.F (Electric Field); the combination of E.F and Active Chlorine (A.C) and the combination of E.F, A.C and Ions in Solutions (I.S). The synergistic effect of these treatments leads to a high efficiency in disinfection. The results showed that the total inactivation of the E. Coli stain is reached in half a minute, while that of P. aeruginosa is reached in 20 min. The use of an economic stainless steel electrode allowed us to observe that, for pulsate frequencies higher than 10³ s^− 1, the formation of active chlorine increased whereas the corrosion speed decreased.     

饮用水氯消毒生成DBPs的影响因素及其控制工艺

阐述了饮用水消毒副产物(DBPs)产生的影响因素,分析了天然有机物(NOM)、温度、pH、接触时间、氯用量和余氯浓度等各种因素对产生DBPs种类和数量的影响,提出了控制DBPs应从去除其前体物NOM,改变消毒工艺或采用新的消毒剂以及去除已生成的DBPs三方面入手.     

Field observations on the occurrence of new indicators of disinfection efficiency

This paper summarizes studies on the presence of acid-fast and yeast organisms in wastewater and water treatment plants and in surface water. These organisms were found to satisfy three of Bonde's criteria for indicator organisms: presence whenever pathogens are likely to be present; resistance at least equal to that of pathogens; and lack of regrowth in the post-treatment environment. This, plus prior data, indicates that these organisms are at least as acceptable as indicators of disinfection efficiency than the coliform group.     

水解酸化+接触氧化法+紫外线消毒处理医院污水

介绍水解酸化 接触氧化法 紫外线消毒工艺处理医院污水的工程设计、施工和运行情况。结果表明:处理系统运行稳定,操作管理简单方便,耐冲击负荷,运转费用低,处理效果好,出水水质优于广东省地方标准《水污染物排放限值》(DB44/26-2001)第二时段一级标准。     

Comparison of electrochemical method with ozonation, chlorination and monochloramination in drinking water disinfection

Electrochemical process in chloride-free electrolytes was proved to be powerful in disinfection due to the strong oxidants produced in the electrolysis and no formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, disinfection experiments were conducted by electrochemical treatment compared with ordinary and advanced methods (ozonation, chlorination and monochloramination), with Escherichia coli (E. coli) K-12, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) A106, Bacillus subtilis (BST) and an isolated Bacillus as the representative microorganisms. Firstly, factor tests were performed on E. coli to obtain the optimal conditions of the four disinfection procedures. At their respective optimal condition, CT (concentration of disinfectant × contact time) value of a 4-log E. coli inactivation was 33.5, 1440, 1575, 1674 mg min L⁻¹ for electrochemical process, ozonation, chlorination and monochloramination, respectively. It was demonstrated that the disinfection availability was in the following order: electrochemical process > ozonation > chlorination > monochloramination, which could be attributed to the hydroxyl radical generated in the electrolysis, with strong oxidizing ability and non-selectivity compared with the other three disinfectants. Moreover, the disinfection efficacy of the four disinfection procedures was compared for four different bacteria. It was found that the disinfection efficacy was similar for the selected four bacteria in electrochemical process, while in the other three treatments inactivation of the two Bacillus was much slower than E. coli and S. aureus. As a result, the non-selectivity of electrochemical disinfection with BDD anode to different kinds of microorganisms was further proved, which was primarily controlled by the hydroxyl radicals existed in the free state. For each bacterium, the order of disinfection availability of the four processes was consistent. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was implemented to observe the cell morphology. It was shown that cell surface damage was more obvious in electrochemical system with strong oxidants compared with that after ozone treatment, while the integrity of cells were not affected in weak oxidizing chlorine and monochloramine.     

饮用水系统生物膜形成和控制研究

饮用水系统生物膜形成和控制是当前研究的热点。系统阐述了饮用水系统中生物膜的形成和影响成膜的各种因素。生物膜控制技术包括降低有机物含量、物理方法、消毒剂、酶试剂控制、分散剂、紫外线消毒等。饮用水系统中生物膜对剥离剂和紫外线具有抗剥离能力,500mg/L的常规剥离剂也难以剥离成熟的生物膜,紫外线对生物膜中微生物杀灭能力明显弱于对溶液中微生物的杀灭作用。采样结果表明:饮用水管道内部存在严重的微生物污染。一旦生物膜形成,其将紧紧附着于管道内壁。控制饮用水系统中生物膜,降低微生物安全风险,对保证安全供水将具有重要的意义。     

A Versatile Metal‐Free Intermolecular Aminochlorination of Alkenes

New reaction conditions for the rapid and productive intermolecular aminochlorination reaction of alkenes using a combination of chloramine‐T and a Brønstedt acid are described. Upon simple protonation of chloramine‐T, conditions for a mild and selective aminochlorination are obtained. In addition, the reaction can proceed to form either of the two possible regioisomers, depending on whether a stoichiometric amount of such an acid activator or acetic acid is used as solvent. The reaction is operative for all different classes of alkenes. A total of over 50 examples is presented to illustrate this concept.

     

茶多酚用于饮用水消毒的初步试验研究

介绍了植物多酚的基本性质及国内外的研究应用现状 .简要阐述了分子量较小的茶多酚用于饮用水消毒时 ,投加量、接触时间、环境影响因素和杀菌持续性等方面的试验研究结果     

用于医疗器械快速灭菌的低温等离子体装置研究

现有低温等离子体技术存在放电范围小、放电电压高等局限性,不适用于大尺寸医疗器械的消毒灭菌。 本文研制了一 种灭菌装置,在较低击穿电压下(大气压氦气 325 V,大气压空气 585 V)产生了大面积等离子体,且创新性地在印刷电路板上实 现了气体放电。 通过 COMSOL 等离子体仿真以及实际放电实验,同时实现了低气压与大气压环境下的均匀辉光放电,放电实 验结果表明:相对气压在-70~ -50 kPa 范围内,击穿电压值最低。 通过灭菌实验,验证了此灭菌装置产生等离子体的灭菌效 能,并对影响灭菌效果的因素进行了探究,灭菌实验结果表明:电源频率是影响灭菌效果的最关键因素,灭菌时间其次,氦气气 压对灭菌效果影响最小。 对于一定浓度的大肠杆菌,6 min 即可达到完全灭菌。